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Business & Finance ºñÁî´Ï½º ¹× ±ÝÀ¶ Insurance - Business, Home, Health & Auto º¸Çè - ºñÁî´Ï½º, ÁÖÅÃ, ÀÇ·á ¹× ÀÚµ¿Â÷
So... ±×·¡¼ ... What Is Insurance? º¸Çè ¹«¾ùÀԴϱî?In insurance, the insured makes payments called "premiums" to an insurer, and in return is able to claim a payment from the insurer if the insured suffers a defined type of loss. ÀÌ º¸ÇèÀº ÇǺ¸ÇèÀÚ°¡ Áö±Þ "º¸Çè·á"¸¦ÇÏ´Â º¸Çè ȸ»ç, ±×¸®°í ±× ´ë°¡ÀÇ ÁöºÒÀ»¹ÞÀ» ¼öÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù º¸Çè ȸ»ç¿¡¼ Á¤ÀÇµÈ À¯ÇüÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¼ÕÇØ º¸Çè¿¡ °íÅëÀ» °Þ°ÔµË´Ï´Ù. This relationship is usually drawn up in a formal legal contract, also known as a policy . ÀÌ °ü°è´Â º¸ÅëÀÇ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ¹ýÀû °è¾àÀ» Æí¼ºÇѶó°íµµÇÏ´Â Á¤Ã¥ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. The contract will set out in detail the exact circumstances under which a benefit payment will be made and the amount of the premiums. °è¾àÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ »óȲÀ» »ó¼¼È÷ ¾Æ¿ôÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ÇýÅÃÀ» ¾Æ·¡¿Í ±Ý¾×À» ÁöºÒµË´Ï´Ù º¸Çè·á¸¦ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. In one classic example of insurance, a ship-owner insures a ship and receives payment if the ship is damaged or destroyed. ÇÑ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¿¹ º¸Çè, ¼±¹Ú - ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ È°µ¿ ¼±¹Ú°ú ¼±¹ÚÀÌ ¼Õ»óµÇ°Å³ª ÆÄ±« °æ¿ì¿¡ Áö±Þ¹Þ½À´Ï´Ù. This example is one of the earliest uses and developments of concepts like insurance. ÀÌ ¿¹Á¦´Â °³³äÀ» ¹ßÀü Áß Çϳª¸¦ ÀÌÀüó·³ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í º¸ÇèÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Interestingly, ships are now more often insured through risk pooling and spreading organizations such as Lloyd's of London because the loss of a large ship going down is too great for one insurer to accept. Èï¹Ì·Ó°Ô, º¸Åë 24 ½Ã°£Àº ÀÌÁ¦ ¸ðµç Ã¥ÀÓÀº Ç®¸µ°ú È®»êÀ» ÅëÇØ º¸ÇèÀ» ´õ ÀÚÁÖ ·ÎÀÌµå ¿Àºê ·±´ø°ú °°Àº Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ¼Õ½ÇÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ´ëÇü ¼±¹Ú Ãß¶ôÀº ³Ê¹« À§´ë ÇÑ º¸ÇèÀ» ¼ö¶ôÇÕ´Ï´Ù. In the case of annuities, such as a pension, similar concepts apply, but in some sense in the reverse. ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¿¬±Ý°ú °°Àº ¿¬±Ý, ºñ½ÁÇÑ °³³äÀ» Àû¿ë, ±×·¯³ª, ÀϺÎÀÇ ¹Ý´ë ÀǹÌÇÕ´Ï´Ù. When applied to annuities, the terms risk and loss are somewhat different from traditional insurance as they concern the chances of living beyond life expectancy and the need for income during the period between annuitization and death. ¿¬±Ý¿¡ Àû¿ëÇϸé, À§Çè°ú ¼Õ½ÇÀº ´Ù¼Ò ´Ù¸£´ÙÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ º¸Çè »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¸¦ ±×µéÀÌ ¿ì·Á¸¦ ³Ñ¾î Æò±Õ ¼ö¸íÀÌ ±â°£ ¼ÒµæÀÇ Çʿ伺°ú Á×À½ÀÇ »çÀÌ¿¡ annuitizationÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Insurance attempts to quantify risk by pooling together a large number of risks. º¸Çè ½Ãµµ¸¦ Á¤ÇÒ À§ÇèÀ» ´Ù¼öÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ÇÔ²² Ç®¸µÇÕ´Ï´Ù. This makes use of the law of large numbers. À̰ÍÀº ´Ù¼öÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢À» »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. As applied to insurance, this means that the greater the number of similar risks, the greater accuracy with which insurers can estimate the overall risk. ·Î Àû¿ëµÇ´Â º¸Çè, À̰ÍÀº À¯»ç Å« À§Çè ¿ä¼ÒÀÇ °³¼ö´Â º¸Çè ȸ»ç°¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ ³ôÀº Á¤È®¼ºÀ» ÃßÁ¤ÇÑ ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ À§ÇèÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
Article Series ±â¼ú ÀÚ·á ½Ã¸®Áî
For example, many individual people purchase health insurance policies and they each pay a small monthly or yearly premium to an insurance company. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±¸ÀÔ °Ç° º¸Çè Á¤Ã¥°ú ±×µéÀÌ °¢°¢ÀÇ °³º° ÀÛÀº ¿ùº° ¶Ç´Â ¿¬°£ º¸Çè·á¸¦ ÁöºÒÇÒ º¸Çè ȸ»ç. When a policyholder gets ill, the insurance company provides money to cover medical treatment. º¸Çè°¡ ¾ÆÇ °æ¿ì, º¸Çè ȸ»ç ÀÚ±ÝÀ» Ä¿¹ö Ä¡·á¸¦ Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù. For some individuals the insurance benefits may total far more money than they have ever paid into the insurance policy. ¾î¶² °³ÀÎÀÇ º¸Çè ÇýÅà 5 ¿ù Çհ躸´Ù´Â ÈξÀ ´õ ¸¹Àº µ·À» ÁöºÒ·Î º¸Çè Áõ±ÇÀ» º»ÀûÀÌÀÖ´Ù. Others may never make a claim. ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» û±¸ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÒ ¼öµµÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. When averaged out over all of the people buying policies, value of the claims even out. Æò±Õ °³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ °æ¿ì »ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ç°íÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¤Ã¥¿¡ ³ª¿ÀÁöµµ û±¸ÀÇ °ªÀ»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Insurance companies set their premiums based on their calculated payouts. º¸Çè ȸ»çÀÇ ¼³Á¤À» °è»ê¿¡ µû¶ó º¸Çè·á¸¦ Áö±ÞÇÕ´Ï´Ù. They plan to take in more money (in premiums and in profit from the float , see below) than they pay out in the end to cover expenses. ±×µéÀº °èȹÀ» ÃëÇϰųª ´õ ¸¹Àº µ·À» (ÀÌÀÍÀÇ ºÎµ¿ÀÇ º¸Çè·á¸¦, ¾Æ·¡ ÂüÁ¶)º¸´Ù ±×µéÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸·À» Ä¿¹ö ºñ¿ëÀ» ÁöºÒÇÕ´Ï´Ù. For-profit insurance companies set their rates to make a profit rather than to break even. - ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇØ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ä±ÝÀ» º¸Çè ȸ»çÀÇ ÀÌÀͺ¸´Ù´Â ¼¼Æ®¸¦ ±ýµµÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Insurance companies also earn investment profits, because they have the use of the premium money from the time they receive it until the time they need it to pay claims. º¸Çè ȸ»çÀÇ ÅõÀÚ ¼öÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ» ¶ÇÇÑ, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº ÇÁ¸®¹Ì¾ö ÀÚ±ÝÀÇ »ç¿ë ½Ã°£ÀÇ ½Ã°£À» ±×µéÀÌ Çʿ並 ¹ÞÀ¸½Ç ¼öÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöºÒÇϱâ Àü±îÁö ÁÖÀåÇÕ´Ï´Ù. This money is called the float . ÀÌ µ·À̶ó´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù ºÎµ¿ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. When the investments of float are successful, they may earn large profits, even if the insurance company pays out in claims every penny received as premiums. ºÎµ¿ÀÇ ÅõÀÚ°¡ ¼º°øÀ» ¶§, ±×µé Å« ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼öÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù °æ¿ì¿¡µµ º¸Çè ȸ»ç¿¡¼ ÁöºÒ¹ÞÀº º¸Çè·á¸¦ ÇÑǬµµ ³²±è¾øÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÕ´Ï´Ù. In fact, most insurance companies pay out more money than they receive in premiums. »ç½Ç, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ º¸Çè ȸ»ç°¡ º¸Çè·á¸¦¹Þ´Â ±×µéº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº µ·À» ÁöºÒÇÕ´Ï´Ù. The excess amount that they pay to policyholders is the cost of float . º¸Çè ±Ý¾×À» Ãʰú ±×µéÀº ºñ¿ëÀ» ÁöºÒÇØ¾ßÇÕ´Ï´Ù ºÎµ¿ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. An insurance company will profit if they invest the money at a greater return than their cost of float. º¸Çè ȸ»ç´Â ÅõÀÚ ¼öÀÍ¿¡¼ ±× µ·À» ¸¸¾à ±×µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ºñ¿ëº¸´Ù ´õ Å« ºÎµ¿ ¹ÝȯÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Insurance can also be thought of as a wager or bet that executes over the policy period. º¸Çèµµ ³»±â·Î »ý°¢Çϰųª ÀÌ»óÀÇ Á¤Ã¥À» ½ÇÇà ±â°£ ÇÒ°ÍÀÎÁö. The insurance company bets that you or your property will not suffer a loss while you put money on the opposite outcome. µµ¹ÚÀÌ ´ç½ÅÀ̳ª ´ç½ÅÀÇ Àç»ê º¸Çè ȸ»çÀÇ ¼Õ½ÇÀ̾ø´Â °íÅëÀÇ ¹Ý´ë °á°ú¸¦ µ·À» °É°íÇÏ´Â µ¿¾ÈÇÕ´Ï´Ù. The difference in the fees paid to the insurance company vs the amount they can be held liable for if an accident happens is roughly analogous to the odds one might expect when betting on a racehorse, ie 10:1. ÀÇ Â÷À̰¡ º¸Çè ȸ»ç¿¡ ÁöºÒÇÏ´Â ¼ö¼ö·á vs ¾çÀ» ±×µéÀº »ç°í°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¸é ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ»ÁöÁö °³ÃÖ ¼ö´Â ¾à À¯»ç ÇϳªÀÇ ½Â·üÀ» °æÁÖ¸¶°¡ ±â´ë ¹èÆÃÀ» ¶§, Áï 10:1. For this reason, a number of religious groups including the Amish avoid insurance and instead depend on support provided by their communities when disasters strike. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯·Î, ¾Æ¹Ì ½ÃÆÄ ÇÇÇϱâÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ¸¹Àº Á¾±³ ´Üü º¸Çè ¹× Áö¿ø¿¡¼ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ Áö¿ª »çȸ¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸¨´Ï´Ù ÀçÇØ¿¡ ÆÄ¾÷ ¶§. In closing, supportive communities where others will actually step in to rebuild lost property, this arrangement can work. ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î, Áö¿ª »çȸ Áö¿øÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¾îµð¿¡ Àç»ê ¼Õ½ÇÀ» ´Ù½Ã ÀÛ¼º ´Ü°è·Î,ÀÌ ÇùÁ¤ ÀÏÇÒ ¼öÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Most societies could not effectively support this type of system. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »çȸ ¼ö¾ø½À´Ï´Ù ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À¯ÇüÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î Áö¿øÇÕ´Ï´Ù. History of insurance ¿ª»çÀÇ º¸ÇèInsurance has been an institution of human society for thousands of years, having been practiced by Babylonian traders as long ago as the 2nd millennium BCE. Àΰ£ÀÇ »çȸ º¸Çè ±â°üÀº ¼öõ ³â µ¿¾È ¹Ùºô·Ð °Å·¡ÀÚ·Î ¿À·¡Àü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿¬½ÀÀ» ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â°ÍÀ¸·Î Á¦ 2 Â÷ ¹Ð·¹´Ï¾ö ±â¿øÀüÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Eventually it was given legal mention in the Code of Hammurabi, and practiced by early Mediterranean sailing merchants. °á±¹, ±×°ÍÀº ÁÖ¾îÁø ¹ý·üÀ» ¾ð±Þ¿¡¼ ÄÚµåÀÇ ÇÔ¹«¶óºñ, ±×¸®°í ÁöÁßÇØ ¿äÆ® »óÀÎ ÃʱîÁö ¿¬½ÀÀ»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. The Greeks and Romans had "benevolent societies" which acted to care for the families and funeral expenses of members upon death. ±×¸®½º¿Í ·Î¸¶ÀÎÀº "ÀÚ¼± ´Üü"¾î¶² ÇൿµéÀ» µ¹ºÁÁÖ´Â °¡Á·°ú Àå·Ê ºñ¿ëÀº ȸ¿ø »çÀÎÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Guilds in the middle ages served a similar purpose. Áß¼¼ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¶ÇÕÀº ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¸ñÀû Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù. The Talmud deals with several aspects of insuring goods. º¸Çè »óǰ ¿©·¯ Ãø¸é Å»¹«µå ó¸®ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Insurance became much more sophisticated in post-Renaissance Europe, and specialized varieties developed. ÀÌ º¸ÇèÀº ÈξÀ ´õ Á¤±³ÇÑ Æ÷½ºÆ® - ¸£³×»ó½º À¯·´ ¹× Ư¼ö ǰÁ¾À» °³¹ßÇÕ´Ï´Ù. In America, Benjamin Franklin helped to popularize and make standard the practice of insurance, particularly against fire. ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ º¥Àú¹Î ÇÁ·©Å¬¸°À» ´ëÁßÈÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ¿¬½ÀÇϰí Ç¥ÁØÀÇ º¸Çè, ƯÈ÷ ÈÀçÇÕ´Ï´Ù. The 19th century saw a rise in the government regulation of insurance, and the 20th century saw further specialization and, in the United States, a bit of deregulation that allowed other financial institutions, such as banks, to offer insurance. 19 ¼¼±âÀÇ º¸ÇèÀ» º» »ç¶÷ÀÌ »ó½ÂÀº Á¤ºÎ ±ÔÁ¦, ±×¸®°í 20 ¼¼±â°¡ º» ´õ Àü¹®¼º°ú, ¹Ì±¹, ¾à°£ÀÇ ±ÔÁ¦¸¦ ´Ù¸¥ ±ÝÀ¶ ±â°üÀÇ Çã¿ë°ú °°Àº ÀºÇà, º¸ÇèÀ» Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù. The ever-increasing ability of science to predict catastrophes of any measure or variety continues to affect the way insurance is conducted. °úÇп¡´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª - Çâ»ó ´É·ÂÀ» ÃøÁ¤Çϰųª ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¾î¶² Àç¾ÓÀ» ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö º¸ÇèÀº °è¼Ó ÁøÇàÇÕ´Ï´Ù. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License . ÀÌ ¹®¼´Â ¶óÀ̼¾½º ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "insurance" . ¼ÒÀ縦 »ç¿ë À§Å°¹é°ú ±â»ç "º¸Çè".
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